Secure Shell (SSH)

Introduction¶

SSH provides a secure means to access a UNIX command-line shell on a remote computer. It also provides a way of transfering files and securing otherwise unsafe protocols.

Getting SSH software on your personal machine¶

• macOS comes with SSH preinstalled. Just open Terminal.app in /Applications/Utilities/.

• Windows users have several options:

  • Newer versions of Windows have ssh built-in. You can access it in a Command Prompt (cmd.exe) window.

  • The old standby for many years is a free program called putty. You may choose to download putty as a single executable file which can be stored wherever you find it convenient, or as an installer which provides several other programs such as scp and sftp.

  • A newer option that many people like is MobaXterm. The free version has a number of features, including tabbed SSH terminals, built-in X11 forwarding of graphical windows from the remote Linux server, and RDP service.

  • An alternative for Windows is Ubuntu on WSL, a complete Ubuntu terminal environment on Windows 10.

• Linux distributions usually install SSH by default. If not, you will need to use your distribution’s software management program to install SSH. You can open any terminal window such as gnome-terminal, konsole, or xterm to run SSH.

• You can also interact with the SCF machines using the remote SSH functionality of the code editor VSCode.

Basic usage¶

The most common way of logging into a remote site from the command-line is with ssh username@remotehost. An alternative is ssh -l username remotehost. If your local username is the same as your remote username, you needn’t specify it on the command line, e.g. ssh remotehost. putty uses a graphical user interface to set the username and remotehost.

We have a variety of servers that you can login to, one of which is called arwen.berkeley.edu. Here’s an example command-line login to arwen:

me@my-laptop$ ssh myusername@arwen.berkeley.edu
The authenticity of host 'arwen.berkeley.edu (128.32.135.115)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 5e:c2:af:be:bc:15:09:6f:5a:74:b1:e9:3a:45:bf:f6.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'arwen.berkeley.edu,128.32.135.115' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
myusername@arwen.berkeley.edu's password: 
...
arwen:~$

Whenever SSH connects to another computer, it receives a digital fingerprint of that computer. If you are connecting to a computer for the first time, it asks whether you want to continue, and then saves the fingerprint for the next time you want to connect. If you have connected to that computer before, it checks to make sure that the fingerprint is the same as it was the first time you connected to that machine. If the fingerprints are different, it will warn you that someone might have installed nefarious ssh software on the remote host. This is useful because bad people to break into computer seldom know the passphrase that the remote administrator used to generate the fingerprint with.

Authentication Failures¶

If there are too many unsuccessful SSH connection attempts from your IP address, the computer you are trying to connect to will temporarily block you. It interprets this behavior as a brute force ssh attempt. The block applies to attempts from outside the SCF network and not inside, so if this happens, so you can connect to a blocked SCF machine from an unblocked one. This might be useful if you have some local data stored on the blocked machine. You can also just connect to any other SCF machine where you are not blocked.

You can reduce the number of unsuccessful SSH attempts by setting up public key authentication with SSH keys.